Jacques Cousteau
Career
French oceanographer and author (1910â1997)
The Cousteau Society logo depicts the nymph Calypso, the namesake of his research vessel, also used as its house flag.
Jacques-Yves Cousteau (/kuËËstoÊ/, also UK: /ËkuËstoÊ/; French: [Êak iv kusto]; 11 June 1910Â â 25 June 1997)[1] was a French naval officer, oceanographer, filmmaker and author. He co-invented the first successful open-circuit self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA), called the Aqua-Lung, which assisted him in producing some of the first underwater documentaries.
Cousteau wrote many books describing his undersea explorations. In his first book, The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure, Cousteau surmised the existence of the echolocation abilities of porpoises. The book was adapted into an underwater documentary called The Silent World. Co-directed by Cousteau and Louis Malle, it was one of the first films to use underwater cinematography to document the ocean depths in color. The film won the 1956 Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and remained the only documentary to do so until 2004 (when Fahrenheit 9/11 received the award). It was also awarded the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1957.
From 1966 to 1976, he hosted The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau, a documentary television series. A second documentary series, The Cousteau Odyssey, ran from 1977 to 1982 on public television stations.
Biography
[edit]
"The sea, the great unifier, is man's only hope. Now, as never before, the old phrase has a literal meaning: We are all in the same boat."
ââJacques Cousteau
Early life
[edit]
Cousteau was born on 11 June 1910, in Saint-AndrĂ©-de-Cubzac, Gironde, France, to Daniel Cousteau and Ălisabeth Duranthon. He had one brother, Pierre-Antoine. Cousteau completed his preparatory studies at the CollĂšge Stanislas in Paris. In 1930, he entered the Ăcole navale and graduated as a gunnery officer. However, an automobile accident, which broke both his arms, cut short his career in naval aviation. The accident forced Cousteau to change his plans to become a naval pilot, so he then indulged his passion for the ocean.[2]
In Toulon, where he was serving on the Condorcet, Cousteau carried out his first underwater experiments, thanks to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in 1936 lent him some Fernez underwater goggles, predecessors of modern swimming goggles.[1] Cousteau also belonged to the information service of the French Navy, and was sent on missions to Shanghai and Japan (1935â1938) and in the USSR (1939).[3]
On 12 July 1937, he married Simone Melchior, his business partner,[4] with whom he had two sons, Jean-Michel (born 1938) and Philippe (1940â1979). His sons took part in the adventures of the Calypso. In 1991, six months after his wife Simone's death from cancer, he married Francine Triplet. They already had a daughter Diane Cousteau (born 1980) and a son, Pierre-Yves Cousteau (born 1982, during Cousteau's marriage to his first wife).
Early 1940s: innovation of modern underwater diving
[edit]
The years of World War II were decisive for the history of diving. After the armistice of 1940, the family of Simone and Jacques-Yves Cousteau took refuge in MegĂšve, where he became a friend of the Ichac family who also lived there. Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Marcel Ichac shared the same desire to reveal to the general public unknown and inaccessible placesâfor Cousteau the underwater world and for Ichac the high mountains. The two neighbors took the first ex-aequo prize of the Congress of Documentary Film in 1943, for the first French underwater film: Par dix-huit mĂštres de fond (18 meters deep), made without breathing apparatus the previous year in the Embiez islands in Var, with Philippe Tailliez and FrĂ©dĂ©ric Dumas, using a depth-pressure-proof camera case developed by mechanical engineer LĂ©on VĂšche, an engineer of Arts and Measures at the Naval College.
In 1943, they made the film Ăpaves (Shipwrecks), in which they used two of the very first Aqua-Lung prototypes. These prototypes were made in Boulogne-Billancourt by the Air Liquide company, following instructions from Cousteau and Ămile Gagnan.[5]
Having kept bonds with the English speakers (he spent part of his childhood in the United States and usually spoke English) and with French soldiers in North Africa (under Admiral Lemonnier), Jacques-Yves Cousteau (whose villa "Baobab" at Sanary (Var) was opposite Admiral Darlan's villa "Reine"), helped the French Navy to join again with the Allies; he assembled a commando operation against the Italian espionage services in France, and received several military decorations for his deeds. At that time, he kept his distance from his brother Pierre-Antoine Cousteau, a "pen anti-semite" who edited the collaborationist newspaper Je suis partout (I am everywhere) and who received the death sentence in 1946. However, this was later commuted to a life sentence, and Pierre-Antoine was released in 1954.
During the 1940s, Cousteau is credited with improving the Aqua-Lung design which gave birth to the open-circuit scuba technology used today. According to his first book, The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure (1953), Cousteau started diving with Fernez goggles in 1936, and in 1939 used the self-contained underwater breathing apparatus invented in 1926 by Commander Yves le Prieur.[6] Cousteau was not satisfied with the length of time he could spend underwater with the Le Prieur apparatus so he improved it to extend underwater duration by adding a demand regulator, invented in 1942 by Ămile Gagnan.[6] In 1943 Cousteau tried out the first prototype Aqua-Lung which finally made extended underwater exploration possible. In 1994, Hans Hass publicly claimed priority for the first use of a mobile, self-contained diving apparatus and made this clear to Jacques-Yves Cousteau.[7]
Late 1940s: GERS and Ălie Monnier
[edit]
In 1946, Cousteau and Tailliez showed the film Ăpaves ("Shipwrecks") to Admiral Lemonnier, who gave them the responsibility of setting up the GRS (Groupement de Recherches Sous-marines, Underwater Research Group) of the French Navy in Toulon. A little later it became the GERS (Groupe d'Ătudes et de Recherches Sous-Marines, Underwater Studies and Research Group), then the COMISMER (Commandement des Interventions Sous la Mer, Undersea Interventions Command), and finally the CEPHISMER (Centre Expert PlongĂ©e Humaine et Intervention Sous la Mer, Expert Centre for Human Diving and Undersea Intervention). In 1947, Chief Petty Officer Maurice Fargues became the first diver to die using an Aqua-Lung, while attempting a new depth record to 120 m with the GERS near Toulon.[8]
Jacques-Yves Cousteau in 1948
In 1948, between missions of mine clearance, underwater exploration and technological and physiological tests, Cousteau undertook a first campaign in the Mediterranean on board the sloop Ălie Monnier,[9][10] with Philippe Tailliez, FrĂ©dĂ©ric Dumas, Jean Alinat and the scenario writer Marcel Ichac. The small team also undertook the exploration of the Roman wreck of Mahdia (Tunisia). It was the first underwater archaeology operation using autonomous diving, opening the way for scientific underwater archaeology. Cousteau and Marcel Ichac brought back from there the Carnets diving film (presented and preceded with the Cannes Film Festival 1951).
Cousteau and the Ălie Monnier then took part in the rescue of Professor Jacques Piccard's bathyscaphe, the FNRS-2, during the 1949 expedition to Dakar. Thanks to this rescue, the French Navy was able to reuse the sphere of the bathyscaphe to construct the FNRS-3.
The adventures of this period are told in the two books The Silent World (1953, by Cousteau and Dumas) and Plongées sans cùble (1954, by Philippe Tailliez).
1950â1970s
[edit]
In 1949, Cousteau left the French Navy.
In 1950, he founded the French Oceanographic Campaigns (FOC), and leased a ship called Calypso from Thomas Loel Guinness for a symbolic one franc a year. Cousteau refitted the Calypso as a mobile laboratory for field research and as his principal vessel for diving and filming. He also carried out underwater archaeological excavations in the Mediterranean, in particular at Grand-Congloué (1952).
With the publication of his first book in 1953, The Silent World, Cousteau correctly predicted the existence of the echolocation abilities of porpoises. He reported that his research vessel, the Ălie Monier, was heading to the Straits of Gibraltar and noticed a group of porpoises following them. Cousteau changed course a few degrees off the optimal course to the center of the strait, and the porpoises followed for a few minutes, then diverged toward mid-channel again. It was evident that they knew where the optimal course lay, even if the humans did not. Cousteau concluded that the cetaceans had something like sonar, which was a relatively new feature on submarines.
In 1954, Cousteau conducted a survey of Abu Dhabi waters on behalf of British Petroleum. Among those accompanying him was Louis Malle who made a black-and-white film of the expedition for the company.[11] Cousteau won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1956 for The Silent World co-produced with Malle. In 1957, Cousteau took over as leader of the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco.[2] Afterward, with the assistance of Jean Mollard, he made a "diving saucer" SP-350, an experimental underwater vehicle which could reach a depth of 350 meters. The successful experiment was quickly repeated in 1965 with two vehicles which reached 500 meters.
In 1957, he was elected as director of the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco.[2] He directed Précontinent, about the experiments of diving in saturation (long-duration immersion, houses under the sea), and was admitted to the United States National Academy of Sciences.
He was involved in the creation of Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques and served as its inaugural president from 1959 to 1973.[12]
Cousteau also took part in inventing the "SP-350 Denise Diving Saucer" in 1959 which was an invention best for exploring the ocean floor, as it allowed one to explore on solid ground.[2]
In October 1960, a large amount of radioactive waste was going to be discarded in the Mediterranean Sea by the Commissariat Ă l'Ă©nergie atomique (CEA). The CEA argued that the dumps were experimental in nature, and that French oceanographers such as Vsevolod Romanovsky had recommended it. Romanovsky and other French scientists, including Louis Fage and Jacques Cousteau, repudiated the claim, saying that Romanovsky had in mind a much smaller amount. The CEA claimed that there was little circulation (and hence little need for concern) at the dump site between Nice and Corsica, but French public opinion sided with the oceanographers rather than with the CEA atomic energy scientists. The CEA chief, Francis Perrin, decided to postpone the dump.[13] Cousteau organized a publicity campaign which in less than two weeks gained wide popular support. The train carrying the waste was stopped by women and children sitting on the railway tracks, and it was sent back to its origin.
Cousteau on the Calypso
In the 1960s, Cousteau was involved with a set of three projects to build underwater "villages"; the projects were named Precontinent I, Precontinent II and Precontinent III. Each ensuing project was aimed at increasing the depth at which people continuously lived under water, and were an attempt at creating an environment in which men could live and work on the seafloor. The projects are best known as Conshelf I (1962), Conshelf II (1963), and Conshelf III (1965). The names "Precontinent", and "Continental Shelf Station" (Conshelf) were used interchangeably by Cousteau.
A meeting with American television companies (ABC, Metromedia, NBC) created the series The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau, with the character of the commander in the red bonnet inherited from standard diving dress intended to give the films a "personalized adventure" style. This documentary television series ran for 10 years from 1966 to 1976. A second documentary series, The Cousteau Odyssey, ran from 1977 to 1982 on public television stations.
In 1970, he wrote the book The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea with his son Philippe. In this book, Cousteau described the oceanic whitetip shark as "the most dangerous of all sharks".
In December 1972, two years after the volcano's last eruption, The Cousteau Society was filming Voyage au bout du monde on Deception Island, Antarctica, when Michel Laval, Calypso's second in command, was struck and killed by a rotor of the helicopter that was ferrying between Calypso and the island.[14][15]
In 1973, along with his two sons and Frederick Hyman, he created the Cousteau Society for the Protection of Ocean Life, Frederick Hyman being its first President.[16]
In 1975, John Denver released the tribute song "Calypso" on his album Windsong, and on the B-side of his hit song "I'm Sorry". "Calypso" became a hit on its own and was later considered the new A-side, reaching No. 2 on the charts.
In 1976, Cousteau located the wreck of HMHS Britannic, which had sunk on 21 November 1916 after striking a mine in the Kea Channel, the third and final of the three Olympic-class liners and the younger sister to the RMS Olympic and RMS Titanic.[17] He also found the wreck of the French 17th-century ship-of-the-line La Therese in coastal waters of Crete.[18]
In 1977, together with Peter Scott, he received the UN International Pahlavi Environment prize.[19]
On 28 June 1979, while the Calypso was on an expedition to Portugal, his second son Philippe, his preferred and designated successor and with whom he had co-produced all his films since 1969, died in a PBY Catalina flying boat crash in the Tagus River near Lisbon. Cousteau was deeply affected. He called his eldest son, the architect Jean-Michel, to his side to help run the Cousteau Society. This collaboration lasted 14 years before Jean-Michel left the organization to produce environmental films.[20]
1980â1990s
[edit]
From 1980 to 1981, he was a regular on the animal reality show Those Amazing Animals, along with Burgess Meredith, Priscilla Presley, and Jim Stafford.
Cousteau's Diving Saucer
In 1980, Cousteau traveled to Canada to make two films on the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, Cries from the Deep and St. Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea.[21]
From 1982 to 1984, Cousteau released a series of films on the Amazon with TBS.[22]
In 1985, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from U.S. President Ronald Reagan. He also released Cousteau/Mississippi, which won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Informational Special.[23]
From 1986 to 1992, Cousteau released Rediscovery of the World, also with TBS.
On 24 November 1988, he was elected to the AcadĂ©mie française, chair 17, succeeding Jean Delay. His official reception under the cupola took place on 22 June 1989, the response to his speech of reception being given by Bertrand Poirot-Delpech. After his death, he was replaced by Ărik Orsenna on 28 May 1998.
In June 1990, the composer Jean Michel Jarre paid homage to the commander by entitling his new album Waiting for Cousteau. He also composed the music for Cousteau's documentary "Palawan, the last refuge".
On 2 December 1990, his wife, Simone Cousteau died of cancer. Six months later, in June 1991, in Paris, Jacques-Yves Cousteau remarried to Francine Triplet, with whom he had a relationship since the early 1980s and two children, Diane (born in 1980) and Pierre-Yves (born in 1982). Francine Cousteau currently continues her husband's work as the head of the Cousteau Foundation and Cousteau Society. From that point, the relations between Jacques-Yves and his elder son, who is 8 years older than Francine, worsened.
In November 1991, Cousteau gave an interview to the UNESCO Courier, in which he stated that he was in favour of human population control and population decrease. Widely quoted on the Internet are these two paragraphs from the interview: "What should we do to eliminate suffering and disease? It's a wonderful idea but perhaps not altogether a beneficial one in the long run. If we try to implement it we may jeopardize the future of our species...It's terrible to have to say this. World population must be stabilized and to do that we must eliminate 350,000 people per day. This is so horrible to contemplate that we shouldn't even say it. But the general situation in which we are involved is lamentable".[24]
In 1992, he was invited to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for the United Nations' International Conference on Environment and Development, and then he became a regular consultant for the UN and the World Bank.
In 1993, a brief biography, as well as an introduction by Cousteau was featured in interactive educational software program Undersea Adventure, developed by former game developer Knowledge Adventure.
In 1995, Cousteau became involved in a legal battle with his son Jean-Michel, who was advertising the "Cousteau Fiji Islands Resort" in the South Pacific, to prevent him from using the Cousteau name for business purposes in the United States.[25] This resulted in Jean-Michel Cousteau being ordered by the court to not encourage confusion between his for-profit business and his father's non-profit endeavours.
On 11 January 1996, Calypso was rammed and sunk in the port of Singapore by a barge. The Calypso was refloated and towed home to France.[26]
Religious views
[edit]
Archbishop Jean-Marie Lustiger celebrated his funeral Mass at Notre-Dame in Paris. In his homily he stated, "Without betraying any confidences, Father Carré told me of his respect for Jacques-Yves Cousteau. He discovered in him a man of prayer whom he accompanied in his last months of his life, giving him, through the sacraments of the Church, the strength of his passage towards eternity."[27]
In a chapter entitled "The Holy Scriptures and the Environment" in the posthumous work The Human, the Orchid, and the Octopus, he is quoted as stating that "The glory of nature provides evidence that God exists".[28]
Opinion on recreational fishing
[edit]
Jacques Cousteau said that just because fish are cold-blooded does not mean they do not feel pain, and that recreational fishermen only say so to reassure their conscience.[29]
Death and legacy
[edit]
Jacques-Yves Cousteau died of a heart attack on 25 June 1997 in Paris, two weeks after his 87th birthday. He was buried in the family vault at Saint-André-de-Cubzac, his birthplace. A homage was paid to him by the town by naming the street which runs out to the house of his birth "rue du Commandant Cousteau", where a commemorative plaque was placed.
Cousteau's submarine near Oceanographic Museum in Monaco
Cousteau's legacy includes more than 120 television documentaries, more than 50 books, and an environmental protection foundation with 300,000 members.[1]
Cousteau liked to call himself an "oceanographic technician". He was, in reality, a sophisticated showman, teacher, and lover of nature.[30] His work permitted many people to explore the resources of the oceans.
His work also created a new kind of scientific communication, criticized at the time by some academics. The so-called "divulgationism", a simple way of sharing scientific concepts, was soon employed in other disciplines and became one of the most important characteristics of modern television broadcasting.
His Oceanographic Museum in Monaco, and perhaps even he himself,[31][32] has been identified as introducing the "Killer Algae" Caulerpa taxifolia, which are negatively affecting the Mediterranean's ecosystem.
The Cousteau Society and its French counterpart, l'Ăquipe Cousteau, both of which Jacques-Yves Cousteau founded, are still active today. The Society is currently attempting to turn the original Calypso into a museum and it is raising funds to build a successor vessel, the Calypso II.
In 2007, the International Watch Company introduced the IWC Aquatimer Chronograph "Cousteau Divers" Special Edition. The timepiece incorporated a sliver of wood from the interior of Cousteau's Calypso research vessel. Having developed the diver's watch, IWC offered support to The Cousteau Society. The proceeds from the timepieces' sales were partially donated to the non-profit organization involved in conservation of marine life and preservation of tropical coral reefs.[33]
Fabien Cousteau, the grandson of Jacques Cousteau, is in the process of constructing a community of ocean flooring analysis stations, called Proteus, off Curaçao at a depth of about 20 m in a marine-protected area. Aquanauts could reside and work in these underwater habitats. Front-end engineering has started in 2022 with the habitat planned for the sea bottom in 2025.[34]
In October 1997, an underwater plaque honoring Jacques Cousteau was placed in the underwater dive park off Casino Point in Avalon, California. Because of deterioration, the plaque was replaced in November 2020.[35][36]
Awards and honors
[edit]
President Kennedy awards the National Geographic Society's Gold Medal to Jacques Cousteau, 1961
During his lifetime, Jacques-Yves Cousteau received these distinctions:
Cross of War 1939â1945 (1945)
National Geographic Society's Special Gold Medal in 1961[37]
Commander of the Legion of Honour (1972)
BAFTA Fellowship (1975)
Officer of the Order of Maritime Merit (1980)
Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (1985)
U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom (1985)
Induction into the Television Hall of Fame (1987)
Elected to the Académie Française (1988)
Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters
Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia (26 January 1990)[38]
Filmography
[edit]
No[A]
Year (Fr/En)[B]
French
English[C]
Cousteau Film
1. Early Short Films
1S
1942
Par dix-huit mĂštres de fond
Yes
2S
1943
Ăpaves
Shipwrecks
Yes
3S
1944
Paysages du silence
Silent Lands...
Yes
4S
1948
Phoques au Sahara
âN/a
5S
1949
Autour d'un récif
âN/a
6S
1949
Une plongée du Rubis
A Dive on Board the Rubis
Yes
7S
1949
Carnet de plongée (avec Marcel Ichac)
âN/a
8S
1955
La Fontaine de Vaucluse (avec Louis Malle)
âN/a
9S
1955
Station 307
âN/a
10S
1955
RĂ©cifs de coraux
âN/a
11S
1957
La GalĂšre engloutie (avec Jacques Ertaud)
âN/a
12S
1959
Histoire d'un poisson rouge
The Golden Fish
Yes
13S
1960
Vitrines sous la mer (avec Georges Alépée)
âN/a
14S
1960
Prince Albert I
âN/a
2. Movies I
1F
1956
Le Monde du silence
The Silent World
Yes
2F
1964
Le Monde sans soleil
World Without Sun
Yes
3. The Odyssey of the Cousteau Team I (also known as "The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau")
1
1966
L'aventure Précontinent
Conshelf Adventure
Yes
2
1967/1968
Les Requins
Sharks
Yes
3
1967/1968
La jungle de corail
The Savage World of the Coral Jungle
Yes
4
1967/1968
Le Destin des tortues de mer
Search in the Deep
Yes
5
1968
Baleines et cachalots
Whales
Yes
6
1968/1969
Le voyage surprise de Pepito et Cristobal
The Unexpected Voyage of Pepito and Cristobal
Yes
7
1968/1969
Trésor englouti
Sunken Treasure
Yes
8
1968/1969
La légende du lac Titicaca
The Legend of Lake Titicaca
Yes
9
1969
Les baleines du désert
The Desert Whales
Yes
10
1969/1970
La nuit des calmars
The Night of the Squid
Yes
11
1969/1970
La retour des ĂlĂ©phants de mer
The Return of the Sea Elephants
Yes
12
1970
Ces incroyables machines plongeantes
Those Incredible Diving Machines
Yes
13
1970
La mer vivante
The Water Planet
Yes
14
1970
La tragédie des Saumons rouges
The Tragedy of the Red Salmon
Yes
15
1970/1971
Le lagon des navires perdus
Lagoon of Lost Ships
Yes
16
1971
Les Dragons des GalĂĄpagos
The Dragons of the Galapagos
Yes
17
1971
Cavernes englouties
Secrets of the Sunken Caves
Yes
18
1971
Le sort des Loutres de mer
The Unsinkable Sea Otter
Yes
19
1971/1972
Les derniĂšres SirĂšnes
The Forgotten Mermaids
Yes
20
1972/1971
Pieuvre, petite pieuvre
Octopus, Octopus
Yes
21
1972
Le chant des dauphins
A Sound of Dolphins
Yes
22
1973
500 millions d'années sous la mer
500Â Million Years Beneath the Sea
Yes
23
1973/1972
Le sourire du Morse
A Smile of the Walrus
Yes
24
1973
Hippo, Hippo
Hippo!
Yes
25
1973
La baleine qui chante
The Singing Whale
Yes
26
1974/1973
Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie I. La glace et le feu
Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part I. South to Fire and Ice
Yes
27
1974
Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie II. Le vol du Pingouin
Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part II. The Flight of Penguins
Yes
28
1974
Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie III. La vie sous un océan de glace
Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part III. Beneath the Frozen World
Yes
29
1974
Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie IV. Blizzard Ă Esperanza
Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part IV. Blizzard at Hope Bay
Yes
30
1975/1974
Patagonie: La vie au bout du monde
Life at the End of the World
Yes
31
1975
L'hiver des Castors
Beavers of the North Country
Yes
32
1975
Les Fous du Corail
The Coral Divers of Corsica
Yes
33
1975
Les requins dormeurs du YucatĂĄn
The Sleeping Sharks of YucatĂĄn
Yes
34
1976/1975
Coup d'aile sous la mer: Isabella
The Sea Birds of Isabella
Yes
35
1976
Au cĆur des rĂ©cifs des CaraĂŻbes
Mysteries of the Hidden Reefs
Yes
36
1976
Le Poisson qui a gobé Jonas / El Gran Pez que se tragó a Jonås
The Fish That Swallowed Jonah
Yes
37
1976
La Marche des langoustes
The Incredible March of the Spiny Lobsters
Yes
4. Movies II
3F
1975 / 1976
Voyage au bout du monde
Voyage to the Edge of the World
Yes
5. Oasis in Space
1S
1977
What Price Progress?
No
2S
1977
Troubled Waters
No
3S
1977
Grain of Conscience
No
4S
1977
Population Time Bomb
No
5S
1977
The Power Game
No
6S
1977
Visions of Tomorrow
No
6. The Cousteau Odyssey II (also known as "The Jacques Cousteau Odyssey", continue "The Odyssey of the Cousteau Team")
38
1977
L'Ă©nigme du Britannic
Calypso's Search for the Britannic
Yes
39
1978
Le butin de Pergame sauvé des eaux
Diving for Roman Plunder
Yes
40
1978
Ă la recherche de l'Atlantide. Partie I
Calypso's Search for Atlantis. Part I
Yes
41
1978
Ă la recherche de l'Atlantide. Partie II
Calypso's Search for Atlantis. Part II
Yes
42
1978
Le testament de l'Ăźle de PĂąques
Blind Prophets of Easter Island
Yes
43
1978
Ultimatum sous la mer
Time Bomb at Fifty Fathoms
Yes
44
1979
Le sang de la mer
Mediterranean: Cradle or Coffin?
Yes
45
1979
Le Nil. Partie I
The Nile. Part I
Yes
46
1979
Le Nil. Partie II
The Nile. Part II
Yes
47
1980
Fortunes de mer
Lost Relics of the Sea
Yes
48
1980/1981
Clipperton: Ăźle de la solitude
Clipperton: The Island Time Forgot
Yes
49
1981/1982
Sang chaud dans la mer
Warm-Blooded Sea: Mammals of the Deep
Yes
7. North American Adventures
1F
1981
Les PiĂšges de la mer
Cries from the Deep
No
2F
1982
Du grand large aux grands lac
Saint Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea
Yes
8. Cousteau's Amazon Series
1S
1982
Objectif Amazone: Branle-bas sur la Calypso
Calypso Countdown: Rigging for the Amazon
Yes
2
1983
Au pays des milles riviĂšres
Journey to a Thousand Rivers
Yes
3
1983
La riviÚre enchantée
The Enchanted River
Yes
4
1983
Ombres fuyantesâIndiens de l'Amazonie
Shadows in the WildernessâIndians of the Amazon
Yes
5
1983/1984
La riviĂšre de l'or
River of Gold
Yes
6
1984
Message d'un monde perdu
Legacy of a Lost World
Yes
7
1984
Un avenir pour l'Amazonie
Blueprints for Amazonia
Yes
8
1984
TempĂȘte de neige sur la jungle
Snowstorm in the Jungle
Yes
9. Other releases I
1
1985
Le Mississippi. Partie I. Un Allié récalcitrant
Cousteau at Mississippi. The Reluctant Ally
Yes
2
1985
Le Mississippi. Partie II. Allié et adversaire
Cousteau at Mississippi. The Friendly Foe
Yes
3
1985
Jacques-Yves Cousteau: mes premier 75 ans (1)
Jacques Cousteau: The First 75 Years (1)
No
4
1985
Jacques-Yves Cousteau: mes premier 75 ans (2)
Jacques Cousteau: The First 75 Years (2)
No
5
1985
Alcyone, fille du vent
Riders of the Wind
Yes
6S
1988
Island of Peace
Yes
10. Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World I (also known as "Rediscover the World")
1
1986
HaĂŻti: L'eau de chagrin
Haiti: Waters of Sorrow
Yes
2
1986
Cuba: les eaux du destin
Cuba: Waters of Destiny
Yes
3
1986
Cap Horn: les eaux du vent
Cape Horn: Waters of the Wind
Yes
4
1986
L'héritage de Cortez
Sea of Cortez: Legacy of Cortez
Yes
5
1987
Les Ăles Marquises: montagnes de la mer
The Marquesas Islands: Mountains from the Sea
Yes
6
1987
Ăles du DĂ©troit: les eaux de la discorde
Channel Islands: Waters of Contention
Yes
7
1987
Ăles du DĂ©troit: Ă l'approche d'une marĂ©e humaine
Channel Islands: Days of Future Past
Yes
8
1988
Nouvelle-ZĂ©lande: la Rose et le dragon
New Zealand: The Rose and the Dragon
Yes
9
1988
Nouvelle-ZĂ©lande: au pays du long nuage blanc
New Zealand: The Heron of the Single Flight
Yes
10
1988
Nouvelle-Zélande: le Péché et la Rédemption
New Zealand: The Smoldering Sea
Yes
11
1988
Au pays des totems vivants
Pacific Northwest: Land of the Living Totems
Yes
12
1988
Tahiti: l'eau de feu
Tahiti: Fire Waters
Yes
13
1988
Les Requins de l'ßle au trésor
Cocos Island: Sharks of Treasure Island
Yes
14
1988/1989
Mer de Béring: Le crépuscule du chasseur en Alaska
Bering Sea: Twilight of the Alaskan Hunter
Yes
15
1988/1989
Australie: l'ultime barriĂšre
Australia: The Last Barrier
Yes
16
1989
Bornéo: Le spectre de la tortue
Borneo: The Ghost of the Sea Turtle
Yes
17
1989
Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée I: La machine à remonter le temps
Papua New Guinea I: Into the Time Machine
Yes
18
1989
Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée II: La riviÚre des hommes crocodiles
Papua New Guinea II: River of Crocodile Men
Yes
19
1989
Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée III: La coeur de feu
Papua New Guinea III: Center of Fire
Yes
20
1989
Thaïlande: les forçats de la mer
Thailand: Convicts of the Sea
Yes
21
1989/1990
BornĂ©o: la ForĂȘt sans terre
Borneo: Forests Without Land
Yes
11. Other releases II
7
1990
Scandale Ă Valdez
Outrage at Valdez
No
8
1990
Lilliput en Antarctique
Lilliput in Antarctica
Yes
12. Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World II (also known as "Rediscover the World")
22
1990
Andaman, les Ăźles invisibles
Andaman Islands: Invisible Islands
Yes
23
1990/1991
Australie: Ă l'ouest du bout du monde
Australia: Out West, Down Under
Yes
24
1991
Australie: le peuple de la mer desséchée
Australia: People of the Dry Sea
Yes
25
1991
Australie: le peuple de l'eau et du feu
Australia: People of Fire and Water
Yes
26
1991
Australie: les trésors de la mer
Australia: Fortunes in the Sea
Yes
27
1991
Tasmanie, une Ăźle s'Ă©veille
Tasmania: Australia's Awakening Island
Yes
28
1991
Indonésie: les vergers de l'enfer
Indonesia I: The Devil's Orchard
Yes
29
1991
Sumatra: le cĆur de la mer
Indonesia II: Sumatra, the Heart of the Sea
Yes
30
1991/1992
Nauru, Ăźlot ou planĂšte
Nauru: The Island Planet
Yes
31
1991/1992
La grand requin blanc, seigneur solitaire des mers
The Great White SharkâLonely Lord of the Sea
No
32
1991
Palawan, le dernier refuge
Palawan: The Last Refuge
Yes
33
1992
Danube I: le lever de rideau
Danube I: The Curtain Rises
Yes
34
1992
Danube II: le rĂȘve de Charlemagne
Danube II: Charlemagne's Dream
Yes
35
1992
Danube III: les Cris du Fleuve
Danube III: The River Cries Out
Yes
36
1992
Danube IV: les DĂ©bordements du Fleuve
Danube IV: Rivalries Overflow
Yes
37
1993
La société secrÚte des Cétacés
Bahamas: The Secret Societies of Dolphins and Whales
No
38
1993
MĂ©kong: le don de l'eau
Mekong: The Gift of Water
No
39
1993
Vietnam et Cambodge: le riz et les fusils
Vietnam and Cambodia: Children of Rice and Guns
No
13. Other releases III
9
1995
La LĂ©gende de Calypso
Calypso's Legend
Yes
10
1995
Profond, loin, longtemps
Deeper, Farther, Longer
Yes
11
1996
Les promisses de la mer
The Mirage of the Sea
Yes
14. Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World III (also known as "Rediscover the World")
40
1995
Madagascar I: l'Ăźle des esprits
Madagascar I: Island of Heart and Soul
Yes
41
1995
Madagascar II: l'Ăźle des esprits
Madagascar II: Island of Heart and Soul
Yes
42
1996
Afrique du Sud: les diamants du désert
South Africa: Diamonds of the Desert
Yes
43
1996
Afrique du Sud: sanctuaires pour la vie
South Africa: Sanctuaries for Life
Yes
44
1996/1997
Ă travers la Chine par le fleuve Jaune
China: Across China with the Yellow River
Yes
45
1997/1999
Le lac BaĂŻkal
Lake Baikal: Beneath the Mirror
Yes
Legend
[edit]
^ actual order, it is incorrect on the official filmography
^ actual years, they are incorrect on the official filmography
^ actual names, they are incorrect on the official filmography
S â short film
F â full-length film
<only number> â length of the film is about 45 minutes
Bibliography
[edit]
The Silent World (1953, with Frédéric Dumas)
Captain Cousteaus Underwater Treasury (1959, with James Dugan)
The Living Sea (1963, with James Dugan)
World Without Sun (1965)
The Undersea Discoveries of Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1970â1975, 8-volumes, with Philippe DiolĂ©)
The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea (1970)
Diving for Sunken Treasure (1971)
Life and Death in a Coral Sea (1971)
The Whale: Mighty Monarch of the Sea (1972)
Octopus and Squid: The Soft Intelligence (1973)
Three Adventures: GalĂĄpagos, Titicaca, the Blue Holes (1973)
Diving Companions: Sea Lion, Elephant Seal, Walrus (1974)
Dolphins (1975)
The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau (1973â78, 21 volumes)
Oasis in Space (vol 1)
The Act of Life (vol 2)
Quest for Food (vol 3)
Window in the Sea (vol 4)
The Art of Motion (vol 5)
Attack and Defense (vol 6)
Invisible Messages (vol 7)
Instinct and Intelligence (vol 8)
Pharaohs of the Sea (vol 9)
Mammals in the Sea (vol 10)
Provinces of the Sea (vol 11)
Man Re-Enters Sea (vol 12)
A Sea of Legends (vol 13)
Adventure of Life (vol 14)
Outer and Inner Space (vol 15)
The Whitecaps (vol 16)
Riches of the Sea (vol 17)
Challenges of the Sea (vol 18)
The Sea in Danger (vol 19)
Guide to the Sea and Index (vol 20)
Calypso (1978, vol 21)
A Bill of Rights for Future Generations (1979)
Life at the Bottom of the World (1980)
The Cousteau United States Almanac of the Environment (1981, a.k.a. The Cousteau Almanac of the Environment: An Inventory of Life on a Water Planet)
Jacques Cousteau's Calypso (1983, with Alexis Sivirine)
Marine Life of the Caribbean (1984, with James Cribb and Thomas H. Suchanek)
Jacques Cousteau's Amazon Journey (1984, with Mose Richards)
Jacques Cousteau: The Ocean World (1985)
The Whale (1987, with Philippe Diolé)
Jacques Cousteau: Whales (1988, with Yves Paccalet)
The Human, The Orchid and The Octopus (and Susan Schiefelbein, coauthor; Bloomsbury 2007)
Media portrayals
[edit]
Jacques Cousteau has been portrayed in films:
The American comedy film The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou, directed by Wes Anderson and first released in December 2004, portrays Steve Zissou, a fictional oceanographer strongly inspired by Jacques Cousteau.[39][40][41]
The French film The Odyssey, directed by JĂ©rĂŽme Salle and first released in October 2016, focuses on Cousteau's life, especially regarding his relation with his first wife, Simone Melchior, and his second son, Philippe Cousteau.[42][43][40][41]
Jacques Cousteau was featured in Epic Rap Battle of History's sixth season, and was portrayed by Peter Shukoff. He faced off against Steve Irwin, portrayed by Lloyd Ahlquist.
Jacques Cousteau is depicted in the music video for the Plastic Bertrand song titled "Jacques Cousteau." In the video Jacques Cousteau is depicted as wearing nautical attire and living in a fish bowl.
Jacques Cousteau was briefly featured in the animated television series, SpongeBob SquarePants, in the episode SpongeBob's Big Birthday Blowout. He was portrayed as the French Narrator who frequently speaks and/or makes appearances in the show.
Jacques Cousteau is mentioned in The Tragically Hip â Canadian rock band song, Twist My Arm.
In the 2006, Michael Bay film Bad Boys II, Jacques Cousteau was mentioned by Will Smith's character in a heated argument. The quote was, "Ok look, we're a partnership, but we're a partnership with boundaries. We got a new rule. From now on you can't say the word flaccid to me. This is our little boundary box. We're gonna take the word flaccid and put it in there with my mom's titties and your erection problem and we gonna close this box and we gonna throw this bitch in the ocean. And the only way that you can get to this box is you gotta be mother****in' Jacques Cousteau."
See also
[edit]
Becoming Cousteau, a 2021 full-length film biography
Alcyone â Experimental turbosail ship
William Beebe â American ornithologist, marine biologist, entomologist, and explorer (1877â1962)
Albert Falco â French scuba diver, chief diver and captain of the Calypso
Scuba diving â Swimming underwater, breathing gas carried by the diver
List of Legion of Honour recipients by name (C)
References
[edit]
^ a b c "Cousteau Society". Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
^ a b c d "Jacques Cousteau | French ocean explorer and engineer". EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
^ "Jacques Cousteau | Biography, Quotes, Books, WordCloud, Life History Timeline |Minds of Science". www.mindsofscience.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
^ Lunn, Rosemary E. (8 March 2021). "WDHOF announces new Simone Melchior Cousteau Grant". X-Ray International Dive Magazine. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
^ "le Scaphandre Autonome". Espalion-12.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
^ a b The Silent World. J. Y. Cousteau with Frédéric Dumas. Hamish Hamilton, London. 1953
^ Jung, Michael (2026). Hans Hass and Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Pioneering Achievements and Structural Inequalities in the Construction of Maritime Memory. (1.0). Zenodo.org.
^ Ecott, Tim (2001). Neutral Buoyancy: Adventures in a Liquid World. New York City: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBNÂ 0-87113-794-1. LCCNÂ 2001018840.
^ Sevellec, E.J. (1 December 2006). "Naissance du GERS et des premiers plongeurs dĂ©mineurs" (in French). Philippe.tailliez.net. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2010. According to Sevellec, the Ălie Monnier was an old German tugboat originally called Albatros and handed over to France as a war reparation, and then re-baptised in honor of the maritime engineer Ălie Monnier who had disappeared while diving at Mers-el-KĂ©bir on the wreck of the battleship Bretagne
^ Riffaud, C. (1988). "La rĂšgne du scaphandre Ă casque", in La grande aventure des hommes sous la mer. Users.skynet.be. ISBNÂ 2-226-03502-8. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
^ Morton, Michael Quentin (June 2015). "Calypso in the Arabian Gulf: Jacques Cousteau's Undersea Survey of 1954". Liwa. 5 (9): 3â28. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
^ "Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1959â1973)". ConfĂ©dĂ©ration Mondiale des ActivitĂ©s Subaquatiques. Archived from the original on 3 June 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
^ Hamblin, Jacob Darwin (2008). Poison in the Well: Radioactive Waste in the Oceans at the Dawn of the Nuclear Age. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBNÂ 978-0813542201. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
^ "Accident kills Cousteau aide in Argentina (30 December 1972)". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
^ "Hero and Calypso at Deception Island 1972â73". www.palmerstation.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
^ "Obituary information for Frederick Hyman". www.shaughnesseybanksfuneralhome.com. Retrieved 17 June 2025.
^ France-Presse, Agence (15 September 2025). "First objects retrieved from wreck of Titanic's sister ship in Greece". The Guardian. ISSNÂ 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 April 2026.
^ "Tα ÎŒÏ ÏÏÎčÎșÎŹ ÏÏ" (PDF). wwk.kathimerini.gr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2026.
^ "Secretary-General awards International Pahlavi Environment Prize for 1977 to Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Sir Peter Scott".
^ "Cousteau's Legacy - TIME". www.time.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2026.
^ Ohayon, Albert (2009). "When Cousteau Came to Canada". NFB.ca. National Film Board of Canada. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
^ Knoll, Steve Knollby Steve (25 March 1984). "New Cable Fare Gets Double Exposure". The New York Times.
^ "Cousteau: Mississippi".
^ "Article: Jacques-Yves Cousteau. (Interview) | AccessMyLibrary â Promoting library advocacy". AccessMyLibrary. 1 November 1991. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
^ "Cousteau's Son Blocked From Using Name". The New York Times. 22 December 1995. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
^ "Calypso". Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
^ "Homélie prononcée lors des obsÚques de M. Jacques-Yves Cousteau, en la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris | Académie française". Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
^ Cousteau, Jacques; ed. by Schiefelbein, Susan. 2010. The Human, the Orchid, and the Octopus: Exploring and Conserving Our Natural World. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBNÂ 9781596917552
^ Cousteau, Jacques (1985). The Ocean World. New York: Harry N. Abrams. p. 383. ISBN 9780810980686. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
^ Clarke, Cath (18 August 2017). "The Odyssey review â Jacques Cousteau biopic looks good underwater but doesn't go deep". The Guardian. ISSNÂ 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
^ Davidson, Nick (1 April 2003). "Deep Sea Invasion". PBS. Nova. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
^ Meinesz, Alexandre (1999). Killer Algae (1st ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226519228. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
^ "Diver's Watch Bearing a Piece of Cousteau's Legendary Vessel Watches Channel". Watches.infoniac.com. 27 July 2007. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
^ Palumbo, Jacqui (22 July 2020). "Fabien Cousteau and Yves BĂ©har unveil designs for Proteus, an underwater 'space station' and habitat â CNN Style". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
^ Ted, Apodoca (27 November 2020). "Cousteau Tribute gets needed upgrade". The Catalina Islander. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
^ Mulder, Bo; Berry, Matt (4 February 2013). "Jaque Cousteau Memorial Plaque". Flickr.
^ Jean-Michel Cousteau (11 June 2010). "Jacques Cousteau "would be heartbroken" at our seas today". Archived from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
^ "It's an Honour â Honours â Search Australian Honours". Itsanhonour.gov.au. 26 January 1990. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
^ "32 Facts About 'The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou'". Mental Floss. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
^ a b "Watch: First International Trailer For Jacques Cousteau Biopic 'The Odyssey' Starring Lambert Wilson & Audrey Tautou". The Playlist. 14 May 2016. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
^ a b "L'Odyssée : Lambert Wilson dans la peau de Cousteau". Le Figaro. 23 August 2016. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
^ "World Premiere of Wild Bunch-Sold 'The Odyssey' Closes San Sebastian". Variety. 12 August 2016. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
^ "Ce que le biopic sur Cousteau, "L'Odyssée", nous apprend de son cÎté obscur". The Huffington Post (French Edition). Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
Further reading
[edit]
Undersea Explorer: The Story of Captain Cousteau (1957) by James Dugan
Jacques Cousteau and the Undersea World (2000) by Roger King
Jacques-Yves Cousteau: His Story Under the Sea (2002) by John Bankston
Jacques Cousteau: A Life Under the Sea (2008) by Kathleen Olmstead
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacques-Yves Cousteau.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Jacques Cousteau.
"The Cousteau Society". Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
Jacques Cousteau at IMDb
Jacques Cousteau at Find a Grave
Jacques Cousteau centennial: 'The sea is everything'
Ocean Treasures Memorial Library
Ocean Treasures Memorial Library/Jacques-Yves Cousteau Memorial
Ocean Treasures Memorial Library/His Legacy
Ocean Treasures Memorial Library/Photos
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The Cousteau Society logo depicts the nymph Calypso, the namesake of his research vessel, also used as its house flag.
Jacques-Yves Cousteau (/kuËËstoÊ/, also UK: /ËkuËstoÊ/; French: [Êak iv kusto]; 11 June 1910Â â 25 June 1997)[1] was a French naval officer, oceanographer, filmmaker and author. He co-invented the first successful open-circuit self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA), called the Aqua-Lung, which assisted him in producing some of the first underwater documentaries.
Cousteau wrote many books describing his undersea explorations. In his first book, The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure, Cousteau surmised the existence of the echolocation abilities of porpoises. The book was adapted into an underwater documentary called The Silent World. Co-directed by Cousteau and Louis Malle, it was one of the first films to use underwater cinematography to document the ocean depths in color. The film won the 1956 Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival and remained the only documentary to do so until 2004 (when Fahrenheit 9/11 received the award). It was also awarded the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1957.
From 1966 to 1976, he hosted The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau, a documentary television series. A second documentary series, The Cousteau Odyssey, ran from 1977 to 1982 on public television stations.
Biography
[edit]
"The sea, the great unifier, is man's only hope. Now, as never before, the old phrase has a literal meaning: We are all in the same boat."
ââJacques Cousteau
Early life
[edit]
Cousteau was born on 11 June 1910, in Saint-AndrĂ©-de-Cubzac, Gironde, France, to Daniel Cousteau and Ălisabeth Duranthon. He had one brother, Pierre-Antoine. Cousteau completed his preparatory studies at the CollĂšge Stanislas in Paris. In 1930, he entered the Ăcole navale and graduated as a gunnery officer. However, an automobile accident, which broke both his arms, cut short his career in naval aviation. The accident forced Cousteau to change his plans to become a naval pilot, so he then indulged his passion for the ocean.[2]
In Toulon, where he was serving on the Condorcet, Cousteau carried out his first underwater experiments, thanks to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in 1936 lent him some Fernez underwater goggles, predecessors of modern swimming goggles.[1] Cousteau also belonged to the information service of the French Navy, and was sent on missions to Shanghai and Japan (1935â1938) and in the USSR (1939).[3]
On 12 July 1937, he married Simone Melchior, his business partner,[4] with whom he had two sons, Jean-Michel (born 1938) and Philippe (1940â1979). His sons took part in the adventures of the Calypso. In 1991, six months after his wife Simone's death from cancer, he married Francine Triplet. They already had a daughter Diane Cousteau (born 1980) and a son, Pierre-Yves Cousteau (born 1982, during Cousteau's marriage to his first wife).
Early 1940s: innovation of modern underwater diving
[edit]
The years of World War II were decisive for the history of diving. After the armistice of 1940, the family of Simone and Jacques-Yves Cousteau took refuge in MegĂšve, where he became a friend of the Ichac family who also lived there. Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Marcel Ichac shared the same desire to reveal to the general public unknown and inaccessible placesâfor Cousteau the underwater world and for Ichac the high mountains. The two neighbors took the first ex-aequo prize of the Congress of Documentary Film in 1943, for the first French underwater film: Par dix-huit mĂštres de fond (18 meters deep), made without breathing apparatus the previous year in the Embiez islands in Var, with Philippe Tailliez and FrĂ©dĂ©ric Dumas, using a depth-pressure-proof camera case developed by mechanical engineer LĂ©on VĂšche, an engineer of Arts and Measures at the Naval College.
In 1943, they made the film Ăpaves (Shipwrecks), in which they used two of the very first Aqua-Lung prototypes. These prototypes were made in Boulogne-Billancourt by the Air Liquide company, following instructions from Cousteau and Ămile Gagnan.[5]
Having kept bonds with the English speakers (he spent part of his childhood in the United States and usually spoke English) and with French soldiers in North Africa (under Admiral Lemonnier), Jacques-Yves Cousteau (whose villa "Baobab" at Sanary (Var) was opposite Admiral Darlan's villa "Reine"), helped the French Navy to join again with the Allies; he assembled a commando operation against the Italian espionage services in France, and received several military decorations for his deeds. At that time, he kept his distance from his brother Pierre-Antoine Cousteau, a "pen anti-semite" who edited the collaborationist newspaper Je suis partout (I am everywhere) and who received the death sentence in 1946. However, this was later commuted to a life sentence, and Pierre-Antoine was released in 1954.
During the 1940s, Cousteau is credited with improving the Aqua-Lung design which gave birth to the open-circuit scuba technology used today. According to his first book, The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure (1953), Cousteau started diving with Fernez goggles in 1936, and in 1939 used the self-contained underwater breathing apparatus invented in 1926 by Commander Yves le Prieur.[6] Cousteau was not satisfied with the length of time he could spend underwater with the Le Prieur apparatus so he improved it to extend underwater duration by adding a demand regulator, invented in 1942 by Ămile Gagnan.[6] In 1943 Cousteau tried out the first prototype Aqua-Lung which finally made extended underwater exploration possible. In 1994, Hans Hass publicly claimed priority for the first use of a mobile, self-contained diving apparatus and made this clear to Jacques-Yves Cousteau.[7]
Late 1940s: GERS and Ălie Monnier
[edit]
In 1946, Cousteau and Tailliez showed the film Ăpaves ("Shipwrecks") to Admiral Lemonnier, who gave them the responsibility of setting up the GRS (Groupement de Recherches Sous-marines, Underwater Research Group) of the French Navy in Toulon. A little later it became the GERS (Groupe d'Ătudes et de Recherches Sous-Marines, Underwater Studies and Research Group), then the COMISMER (Commandement des Interventions Sous la Mer, Undersea Interventions Command), and finally the CEPHISMER (Centre Expert PlongĂ©e Humaine et Intervention Sous la Mer, Expert Centre for Human Diving and Undersea Intervention). In 1947, Chief Petty Officer Maurice Fargues became the first diver to die using an Aqua-Lung, while attempting a new depth record to 120 m with the GERS near Toulon.[8]
Jacques-Yves Cousteau in 1948
In 1948, between missions of mine clearance, underwater exploration and technological and physiological tests, Cousteau undertook a first campaign in the Mediterranean on board the sloop Ălie Monnier,[9][10] with Philippe Tailliez, FrĂ©dĂ©ric Dumas, Jean Alinat and the scenario writer Marcel Ichac. The small team also undertook the exploration of the Roman wreck of Mahdia (Tunisia). It was the first underwater archaeology operation using autonomous diving, opening the way for scientific underwater archaeology. Cousteau and Marcel Ichac brought back from there the Carnets diving film (presented and preceded with the Cannes Film Festival 1951).
Cousteau and the Ălie Monnier then took part in the rescue of Professor Jacques Piccard's bathyscaphe, the FNRS-2, during the 1949 expedition to Dakar. Thanks to this rescue, the French Navy was able to reuse the sphere of the bathyscaphe to construct the FNRS-3.
The adventures of this period are told in the two books The Silent World (1953, by Cousteau and Dumas) and Plongées sans cùble (1954, by Philippe Tailliez).
1950â1970s
[edit]
In 1949, Cousteau left the French Navy.
In 1950, he founded the French Oceanographic Campaigns (FOC), and leased a ship called Calypso from Thomas Loel Guinness for a symbolic one franc a year. Cousteau refitted the Calypso as a mobile laboratory for field research and as his principal vessel for diving and filming. He also carried out underwater archaeological excavations in the Mediterranean, in particular at Grand-Congloué (1952).
With the publication of his first book in 1953, The Silent World, Cousteau correctly predicted the existence of the echolocation abilities of porpoises. He reported that his research vessel, the Ălie Monier, was heading to the Straits of Gibraltar and noticed a group of porpoises following them. Cousteau changed course a few degrees off the optimal course to the center of the strait, and the porpoises followed for a few minutes, then diverged toward mid-channel again. It was evident that they knew where the optimal course lay, even if the humans did not. Cousteau concluded that the cetaceans had something like sonar, which was a relatively new feature on submarines.
In 1954, Cousteau conducted a survey of Abu Dhabi waters on behalf of British Petroleum. Among those accompanying him was Louis Malle who made a black-and-white film of the expedition for the company.[11] Cousteau won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1956 for The Silent World co-produced with Malle. In 1957, Cousteau took over as leader of the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco.[2] Afterward, with the assistance of Jean Mollard, he made a "diving saucer" SP-350, an experimental underwater vehicle which could reach a depth of 350 meters. The successful experiment was quickly repeated in 1965 with two vehicles which reached 500 meters.
In 1957, he was elected as director of the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco.[2] He directed Précontinent, about the experiments of diving in saturation (long-duration immersion, houses under the sea), and was admitted to the United States National Academy of Sciences.
He was involved in the creation of Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques and served as its inaugural president from 1959 to 1973.[12]
Cousteau also took part in inventing the "SP-350 Denise Diving Saucer" in 1959 which was an invention best for exploring the ocean floor, as it allowed one to explore on solid ground.[2]
In October 1960, a large amount of radioactive waste was going to be discarded in the Mediterranean Sea by the Commissariat Ă l'Ă©nergie atomique (CEA). The CEA argued that the dumps were experimental in nature, and that French oceanographers such as Vsevolod Romanovsky had recommended it. Romanovsky and other French scientists, including Louis Fage and Jacques Cousteau, repudiated the claim, saying that Romanovsky had in mind a much smaller amount. The CEA claimed that there was little circulation (and hence little need for concern) at the dump site between Nice and Corsica, but French public opinion sided with the oceanographers rather than with the CEA atomic energy scientists. The CEA chief, Francis Perrin, decided to postpone the dump.[13] Cousteau organized a publicity campaign which in less than two weeks gained wide popular support. The train carrying the waste was stopped by women and children sitting on the railway tracks, and it was sent back to its origin.
Cousteau on the Calypso
In the 1960s, Cousteau was involved with a set of three projects to build underwater "villages"; the projects were named Precontinent I, Precontinent II and Precontinent III. Each ensuing project was aimed at increasing the depth at which people continuously lived under water, and were an attempt at creating an environment in which men could live and work on the seafloor. The projects are best known as Conshelf I (1962), Conshelf II (1963), and Conshelf III (1965). The names "Precontinent", and "Continental Shelf Station" (Conshelf) were used interchangeably by Cousteau.
A meeting with American television companies (ABC, Metromedia, NBC) created the series The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau, with the character of the commander in the red bonnet inherited from standard diving dress intended to give the films a "personalized adventure" style. This documentary television series ran for 10 years from 1966 to 1976. A second documentary series, The Cousteau Odyssey, ran from 1977 to 1982 on public television stations.
In 1970, he wrote the book The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea with his son Philippe. In this book, Cousteau described the oceanic whitetip shark as "the most dangerous of all sharks".
In December 1972, two years after the volcano's last eruption, The Cousteau Society was filming Voyage au bout du monde on Deception Island, Antarctica, when Michel Laval, Calypso's second in command, was struck and killed by a rotor of the helicopter that was ferrying between Calypso and the island.[14][15]
In 1973, along with his two sons and Frederick Hyman, he created the Cousteau Society for the Protection of Ocean Life, Frederick Hyman being its first President.[16]
In 1975, John Denver released the tribute song "Calypso" on his album Windsong, and on the B-side of his hit song "I'm Sorry". "Calypso" became a hit on its own and was later considered the new A-side, reaching No. 2 on the charts.
In 1976, Cousteau located the wreck of HMHS Britannic, which had sunk on 21 November 1916 after striking a mine in the Kea Channel, the third and final of the three Olympic-class liners and the younger sister to the RMS Olympic and RMS Titanic.[17] He also found the wreck of the French 17th-century ship-of-the-line La Therese in coastal waters of Crete.[18]
In 1977, together with Peter Scott, he received the UN International Pahlavi Environment prize.[19]
On 28 June 1979, while the Calypso was on an expedition to Portugal, his second son Philippe, his preferred and designated successor and with whom he had co-produced all his films since 1969, died in a PBY Catalina flying boat crash in the Tagus River near Lisbon. Cousteau was deeply affected. He called his eldest son, the architect Jean-Michel, to his side to help run the Cousteau Society. This collaboration lasted 14 years before Jean-Michel left the organization to produce environmental films.[20]
1980â1990s
[edit]
From 1980 to 1981, he was a regular on the animal reality show Those Amazing Animals, along with Burgess Meredith, Priscilla Presley, and Jim Stafford.
Cousteau's Diving Saucer
In 1980, Cousteau traveled to Canada to make two films on the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, Cries from the Deep and St. Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea.[21]
From 1982 to 1984, Cousteau released a series of films on the Amazon with TBS.[22]
In 1985, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from U.S. President Ronald Reagan. He also released Cousteau/Mississippi, which won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Informational Special.[23]
From 1986 to 1992, Cousteau released Rediscovery of the World, also with TBS.
On 24 November 1988, he was elected to the AcadĂ©mie française, chair 17, succeeding Jean Delay. His official reception under the cupola took place on 22 June 1989, the response to his speech of reception being given by Bertrand Poirot-Delpech. After his death, he was replaced by Ărik Orsenna on 28 May 1998.
In June 1990, the composer Jean Michel Jarre paid homage to the commander by entitling his new album Waiting for Cousteau. He also composed the music for Cousteau's documentary "Palawan, the last refuge".
On 2 December 1990, his wife, Simone Cousteau died of cancer. Six months later, in June 1991, in Paris, Jacques-Yves Cousteau remarried to Francine Triplet, with whom he had a relationship since the early 1980s and two children, Diane (born in 1980) and Pierre-Yves (born in 1982). Francine Cousteau currently continues her husband's work as the head of the Cousteau Foundation and Cousteau Society. From that point, the relations between Jacques-Yves and his elder son, who is 8 years older than Francine, worsened.
In November 1991, Cousteau gave an interview to the UNESCO Courier, in which he stated that he was in favour of human population control and population decrease. Widely quoted on the Internet are these two paragraphs from the interview: "What should we do to eliminate suffering and disease? It's a wonderful idea but perhaps not altogether a beneficial one in the long run. If we try to implement it we may jeopardize the future of our species...It's terrible to have to say this. World population must be stabilized and to do that we must eliminate 350,000 people per day. This is so horrible to contemplate that we shouldn't even say it. But the general situation in which we are involved is lamentable".[24]
In 1992, he was invited to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for the United Nations' International Conference on Environment and Development, and then he became a regular consultant for the UN and the World Bank.
In 1993, a brief biography, as well as an introduction by Cousteau was featured in interactive educational software program Undersea Adventure, developed by former game developer Knowledge Adventure.
In 1995, Cousteau became involved in a legal battle with his son Jean-Michel, who was advertising the "Cousteau Fiji Islands Resort" in the South Pacific, to prevent him from using the Cousteau name for business purposes in the United States.[25] This resulted in Jean-Michel Cousteau being ordered by the court to not encourage confusion between his for-profit business and his father's non-profit endeavours.
On 11 January 1996, Calypso was rammed and sunk in the port of Singapore by a barge. The Calypso was refloated and towed home to France.[26]
Religious views
[edit]
Archbishop Jean-Marie Lustiger celebrated his funeral Mass at Notre-Dame in Paris. In his homily he stated, "Without betraying any confidences, Father Carré told me of his respect for Jacques-Yves Cousteau. He discovered in him a man of prayer whom he accompanied in his last months of his life, giving him, through the sacraments of the Church, the strength of his passage towards eternity."[27]
In a chapter entitled "The Holy Scriptures and the Environment" in the posthumous work The Human, the Orchid, and the Octopus, he is quoted as stating that "The glory of nature provides evidence that God exists".[28]
Opinion on recreational fishing
[edit]
Jacques Cousteau said that just because fish are cold-blooded does not mean they do not feel pain, and that recreational fishermen only say so to reassure their conscience.[29]
Death and legacy
[edit]
Jacques-Yves Cousteau died of a heart attack on 25 June 1997 in Paris, two weeks after his 87th birthday. He was buried in the family vault at Saint-André-de-Cubzac, his birthplace. A homage was paid to him by the town by naming the street which runs out to the house of his birth "rue du Commandant Cousteau", where a commemorative plaque was placed.
Cousteau's submarine near Oceanographic Museum in Monaco
Cousteau's legacy includes more than 120 television documentaries, more than 50 books, and an environmental protection foundation with 300,000 members.[1]
Cousteau liked to call himself an "oceanographic technician". He was, in reality, a sophisticated showman, teacher, and lover of nature.[30] His work permitted many people to explore the resources of the oceans.
His work also created a new kind of scientific communication, criticized at the time by some academics. The so-called "divulgationism", a simple way of sharing scientific concepts, was soon employed in other disciplines and became one of the most important characteristics of modern television broadcasting.
His Oceanographic Museum in Monaco, and perhaps even he himself,[31][32] has been identified as introducing the "Killer Algae" Caulerpa taxifolia, which are negatively affecting the Mediterranean's ecosystem.
The Cousteau Society and its French counterpart, l'Ăquipe Cousteau, both of which Jacques-Yves Cousteau founded, are still active today. The Society is currently attempting to turn the original Calypso into a museum and it is raising funds to build a successor vessel, the Calypso II.
In 2007, the International Watch Company introduced the IWC Aquatimer Chronograph "Cousteau Divers" Special Edition. The timepiece incorporated a sliver of wood from the interior of Cousteau's Calypso research vessel. Having developed the diver's watch, IWC offered support to The Cousteau Society. The proceeds from the timepieces' sales were partially donated to the non-profit organization involved in conservation of marine life and preservation of tropical coral reefs.[33]
Fabien Cousteau, the grandson of Jacques Cousteau, is in the process of constructing a community of ocean flooring analysis stations, called Proteus, off Curaçao at a depth of about 20 m in a marine-protected area. Aquanauts could reside and work in these underwater habitats. Front-end engineering has started in 2022 with the habitat planned for the sea bottom in 2025.[34]
In October 1997, an underwater plaque honoring Jacques Cousteau was placed in the underwater dive park off Casino Point in Avalon, California. Because of deterioration, the plaque was replaced in November 2020.[35][36]
Awards and honors
[edit]
President Kennedy awards the National Geographic Society's Gold Medal to Jacques Cousteau, 1961
During his lifetime, Jacques-Yves Cousteau received these distinctions:
Cross of War 1939â1945 (1945)
National Geographic Society's Special Gold Medal in 1961[37]
Commander of the Legion of Honour (1972)
BAFTA Fellowship (1975)
Officer of the Order of Maritime Merit (1980)
Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (1985)
U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom (1985)
Induction into the Television Hall of Fame (1987)
Elected to the Académie Française (1988)
Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters
Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia (26 January 1990)[38]
Filmography
[edit]
No[A]
Year (Fr/En)[B]
French
English[C]
Cousteau Film
1. Early Short Films
1S
1942
Par dix-huit mĂštres de fond
Yes
2S
1943
Ăpaves
Shipwrecks
Yes
3S
1944
Paysages du silence
Silent Lands...
Yes
4S
1948
Phoques au Sahara
âN/a
5S
1949
Autour d'un récif
âN/a
6S
1949
Une plongée du Rubis
A Dive on Board the Rubis
Yes
7S
1949
Carnet de plongée (avec Marcel Ichac)
âN/a
8S
1955
La Fontaine de Vaucluse (avec Louis Malle)
âN/a
9S
1955
Station 307
âN/a
10S
1955
RĂ©cifs de coraux
âN/a
11S
1957
La GalĂšre engloutie (avec Jacques Ertaud)
âN/a
12S
1959
Histoire d'un poisson rouge
The Golden Fish
Yes
13S
1960
Vitrines sous la mer (avec Georges Alépée)
âN/a
14S
1960
Prince Albert I
âN/a
2. Movies I
1F
1956
Le Monde du silence
The Silent World
Yes
2F
1964
Le Monde sans soleil
World Without Sun
Yes
3. The Odyssey of the Cousteau Team I (also known as "The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau")
1
1966
L'aventure Précontinent
Conshelf Adventure
Yes
2
1967/1968
Les Requins
Sharks
Yes
3
1967/1968
La jungle de corail
The Savage World of the Coral Jungle
Yes
4
1967/1968
Le Destin des tortues de mer
Search in the Deep
Yes
5
1968
Baleines et cachalots
Whales
Yes
6
1968/1969
Le voyage surprise de Pepito et Cristobal
The Unexpected Voyage of Pepito and Cristobal
Yes
7
1968/1969
Trésor englouti
Sunken Treasure
Yes
8
1968/1969
La légende du lac Titicaca
The Legend of Lake Titicaca
Yes
9
1969
Les baleines du désert
The Desert Whales
Yes
10
1969/1970
La nuit des calmars
The Night of the Squid
Yes
11
1969/1970
La retour des ĂlĂ©phants de mer
The Return of the Sea Elephants
Yes
12
1970
Ces incroyables machines plongeantes
Those Incredible Diving Machines
Yes
13
1970
La mer vivante
The Water Planet
Yes
14
1970
La tragédie des Saumons rouges
The Tragedy of the Red Salmon
Yes
15
1970/1971
Le lagon des navires perdus
Lagoon of Lost Ships
Yes
16
1971
Les Dragons des GalĂĄpagos
The Dragons of the Galapagos
Yes
17
1971
Cavernes englouties
Secrets of the Sunken Caves
Yes
18
1971
Le sort des Loutres de mer
The Unsinkable Sea Otter
Yes
19
1971/1972
Les derniĂšres SirĂšnes
The Forgotten Mermaids
Yes
20
1972/1971
Pieuvre, petite pieuvre
Octopus, Octopus
Yes
21
1972
Le chant des dauphins
A Sound of Dolphins
Yes
22
1973
500 millions d'années sous la mer
500Â Million Years Beneath the Sea
Yes
23
1973/1972
Le sourire du Morse
A Smile of the Walrus
Yes
24
1973
Hippo, Hippo
Hippo!
Yes
25
1973
La baleine qui chante
The Singing Whale
Yes
26
1974/1973
Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie I. La glace et le feu
Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part I. South to Fire and Ice
Yes
27
1974
Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie II. Le vol du Pingouin
Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part II. The Flight of Penguins
Yes
28
1974
Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie III. La vie sous un océan de glace
Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part III. Beneath the Frozen World
Yes
29
1974
Mission Cousteau en Antarctique. Partie IV. Blizzard Ă Esperanza
Cousteau in the Antarctic. Part IV. Blizzard at Hope Bay
Yes
30
1975/1974
Patagonie: La vie au bout du monde
Life at the End of the World
Yes
31
1975
L'hiver des Castors
Beavers of the North Country
Yes
32
1975
Les Fous du Corail
The Coral Divers of Corsica
Yes
33
1975
Les requins dormeurs du YucatĂĄn
The Sleeping Sharks of YucatĂĄn
Yes
34
1976/1975
Coup d'aile sous la mer: Isabella
The Sea Birds of Isabella
Yes
35
1976
Au cĆur des rĂ©cifs des CaraĂŻbes
Mysteries of the Hidden Reefs
Yes
36
1976
Le Poisson qui a gobé Jonas / El Gran Pez que se tragó a Jonås
The Fish That Swallowed Jonah
Yes
37
1976
La Marche des langoustes
The Incredible March of the Spiny Lobsters
Yes
4. Movies II
3F
1975 / 1976
Voyage au bout du monde
Voyage to the Edge of the World
Yes
5. Oasis in Space
1S
1977
What Price Progress?
No
2S
1977
Troubled Waters
No
3S
1977
Grain of Conscience
No
4S
1977
Population Time Bomb
No
5S
1977
The Power Game
No
6S
1977
Visions of Tomorrow
No
6. The Cousteau Odyssey II (also known as "The Jacques Cousteau Odyssey", continue "The Odyssey of the Cousteau Team")
38
1977
L'Ă©nigme du Britannic
Calypso's Search for the Britannic
Yes
39
1978
Le butin de Pergame sauvé des eaux
Diving for Roman Plunder
Yes
40
1978
Ă la recherche de l'Atlantide. Partie I
Calypso's Search for Atlantis. Part I
Yes
41
1978
Ă la recherche de l'Atlantide. Partie II
Calypso's Search for Atlantis. Part II
Yes
42
1978
Le testament de l'Ăźle de PĂąques
Blind Prophets of Easter Island
Yes
43
1978
Ultimatum sous la mer
Time Bomb at Fifty Fathoms
Yes
44
1979
Le sang de la mer
Mediterranean: Cradle or Coffin?
Yes
45
1979
Le Nil. Partie I
The Nile. Part I
Yes
46
1979
Le Nil. Partie II
The Nile. Part II
Yes
47
1980
Fortunes de mer
Lost Relics of the Sea
Yes
48
1980/1981
Clipperton: Ăźle de la solitude
Clipperton: The Island Time Forgot
Yes
49
1981/1982
Sang chaud dans la mer
Warm-Blooded Sea: Mammals of the Deep
Yes
7. North American Adventures
1F
1981
Les PiĂšges de la mer
Cries from the Deep
No
2F
1982
Du grand large aux grands lac
Saint Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea
Yes
8. Cousteau's Amazon Series
1S
1982
Objectif Amazone: Branle-bas sur la Calypso
Calypso Countdown: Rigging for the Amazon
Yes
2
1983
Au pays des milles riviĂšres
Journey to a Thousand Rivers
Yes
3
1983
La riviÚre enchantée
The Enchanted River
Yes
4
1983
Ombres fuyantesâIndiens de l'Amazonie
Shadows in the WildernessâIndians of the Amazon
Yes
5
1983/1984
La riviĂšre de l'or
River of Gold
Yes
6
1984
Message d'un monde perdu
Legacy of a Lost World
Yes
7
1984
Un avenir pour l'Amazonie
Blueprints for Amazonia
Yes
8
1984
TempĂȘte de neige sur la jungle
Snowstorm in the Jungle
Yes
9. Other releases I
1
1985
Le Mississippi. Partie I. Un Allié récalcitrant
Cousteau at Mississippi. The Reluctant Ally
Yes
2
1985
Le Mississippi. Partie II. Allié et adversaire
Cousteau at Mississippi. The Friendly Foe
Yes
3
1985
Jacques-Yves Cousteau: mes premier 75 ans (1)
Jacques Cousteau: The First 75 Years (1)
No
4
1985
Jacques-Yves Cousteau: mes premier 75 ans (2)
Jacques Cousteau: The First 75 Years (2)
No
5
1985
Alcyone, fille du vent
Riders of the Wind
Yes
6S
1988
Island of Peace
Yes
10. Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World I (also known as "Rediscover the World")
1
1986
HaĂŻti: L'eau de chagrin
Haiti: Waters of Sorrow
Yes
2
1986
Cuba: les eaux du destin
Cuba: Waters of Destiny
Yes
3
1986
Cap Horn: les eaux du vent
Cape Horn: Waters of the Wind
Yes
4
1986
L'héritage de Cortez
Sea of Cortez: Legacy of Cortez
Yes
5
1987
Les Ăles Marquises: montagnes de la mer
The Marquesas Islands: Mountains from the Sea
Yes
6
1987
Ăles du DĂ©troit: les eaux de la discorde
Channel Islands: Waters of Contention
Yes
7
1987
Ăles du DĂ©troit: Ă l'approche d'une marĂ©e humaine
Channel Islands: Days of Future Past
Yes
8
1988
Nouvelle-ZĂ©lande: la Rose et le dragon
New Zealand: The Rose and the Dragon
Yes
9
1988
Nouvelle-ZĂ©lande: au pays du long nuage blanc
New Zealand: The Heron of the Single Flight
Yes
10
1988
Nouvelle-Zélande: le Péché et la Rédemption
New Zealand: The Smoldering Sea
Yes
11
1988
Au pays des totems vivants
Pacific Northwest: Land of the Living Totems
Yes
12
1988
Tahiti: l'eau de feu
Tahiti: Fire Waters
Yes
13
1988
Les Requins de l'ßle au trésor
Cocos Island: Sharks of Treasure Island
Yes
14
1988/1989
Mer de Béring: Le crépuscule du chasseur en Alaska
Bering Sea: Twilight of the Alaskan Hunter
Yes
15
1988/1989
Australie: l'ultime barriĂšre
Australia: The Last Barrier
Yes
16
1989
Bornéo: Le spectre de la tortue
Borneo: The Ghost of the Sea Turtle
Yes
17
1989
Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée I: La machine à remonter le temps
Papua New Guinea I: Into the Time Machine
Yes
18
1989
Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée II: La riviÚre des hommes crocodiles
Papua New Guinea II: River of Crocodile Men
Yes
19
1989
Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée III: La coeur de feu
Papua New Guinea III: Center of Fire
Yes
20
1989
Thaïlande: les forçats de la mer
Thailand: Convicts of the Sea
Yes
21
1989/1990
BornĂ©o: la ForĂȘt sans terre
Borneo: Forests Without Land
Yes
11. Other releases II
7
1990
Scandale Ă Valdez
Outrage at Valdez
No
8
1990
Lilliput en Antarctique
Lilliput in Antarctica
Yes
12. Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World II (also known as "Rediscover the World")
22
1990
Andaman, les Ăźles invisibles
Andaman Islands: Invisible Islands
Yes
23
1990/1991
Australie: Ă l'ouest du bout du monde
Australia: Out West, Down Under
Yes
24
1991
Australie: le peuple de la mer desséchée
Australia: People of the Dry Sea
Yes
25
1991
Australie: le peuple de l'eau et du feu
Australia: People of Fire and Water
Yes
26
1991
Australie: les trésors de la mer
Australia: Fortunes in the Sea
Yes
27
1991
Tasmanie, une Ăźle s'Ă©veille
Tasmania: Australia's Awakening Island
Yes
28
1991
Indonésie: les vergers de l'enfer
Indonesia I: The Devil's Orchard
Yes
29
1991
Sumatra: le cĆur de la mer
Indonesia II: Sumatra, the Heart of the Sea
Yes
30
1991/1992
Nauru, Ăźlot ou planĂšte
Nauru: The Island Planet
Yes
31
1991/1992
La grand requin blanc, seigneur solitaire des mers
The Great White SharkâLonely Lord of the Sea
No
32
1991
Palawan, le dernier refuge
Palawan: The Last Refuge
Yes
33
1992
Danube I: le lever de rideau
Danube I: The Curtain Rises
Yes
34
1992
Danube II: le rĂȘve de Charlemagne
Danube II: Charlemagne's Dream
Yes
35
1992
Danube III: les Cris du Fleuve
Danube III: The River Cries Out
Yes
36
1992
Danube IV: les DĂ©bordements du Fleuve
Danube IV: Rivalries Overflow
Yes
37
1993
La société secrÚte des Cétacés
Bahamas: The Secret Societies of Dolphins and Whales
No
38
1993
MĂ©kong: le don de l'eau
Mekong: The Gift of Water
No
39
1993
Vietnam et Cambodge: le riz et les fusils
Vietnam and Cambodia: Children of Rice and Guns
No
13. Other releases III
9
1995
La LĂ©gende de Calypso
Calypso's Legend
Yes
10
1995
Profond, loin, longtemps
Deeper, Farther, Longer
Yes
11
1996
Les promisses de la mer
The Mirage of the Sea
Yes
14. Cousteau's Rediscovery of the World III (also known as "Rediscover the World")
40
1995
Madagascar I: l'Ăźle des esprits
Madagascar I: Island of Heart and Soul
Yes
41
1995
Madagascar II: l'Ăźle des esprits
Madagascar II: Island of Heart and Soul
Yes
42
1996
Afrique du Sud: les diamants du désert
South Africa: Diamonds of the Desert
Yes
43
1996
Afrique du Sud: sanctuaires pour la vie
South Africa: Sanctuaries for Life
Yes
44
1996/1997
Ă travers la Chine par le fleuve Jaune
China: Across China with the Yellow River
Yes
45
1997/1999
Le lac BaĂŻkal
Lake Baikal: Beneath the Mirror
Yes
Legend
[edit]
^ actual order, it is incorrect on the official filmography
^ actual years, they are incorrect on the official filmography
^ actual names, they are incorrect on the official filmography
S â short film
F â full-length film
<only number> â length of the film is about 45 minutes
Bibliography
[edit]
The Silent World (1953, with Frédéric Dumas)
Captain Cousteaus Underwater Treasury (1959, with James Dugan)
The Living Sea (1963, with James Dugan)
World Without Sun (1965)
The Undersea Discoveries of Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1970â1975, 8-volumes, with Philippe DiolĂ©)
The Shark: Splendid Savage of the Sea (1970)
Diving for Sunken Treasure (1971)
Life and Death in a Coral Sea (1971)
The Whale: Mighty Monarch of the Sea (1972)
Octopus and Squid: The Soft Intelligence (1973)
Three Adventures: GalĂĄpagos, Titicaca, the Blue Holes (1973)
Diving Companions: Sea Lion, Elephant Seal, Walrus (1974)
Dolphins (1975)
The Ocean World of Jacques Cousteau (1973â78, 21 volumes)
Oasis in Space (vol 1)
The Act of Life (vol 2)
Quest for Food (vol 3)
Window in the Sea (vol 4)
The Art of Motion (vol 5)
Attack and Defense (vol 6)
Invisible Messages (vol 7)
Instinct and Intelligence (vol 8)
Pharaohs of the Sea (vol 9)
Mammals in the Sea (vol 10)
Provinces of the Sea (vol 11)
Man Re-Enters Sea (vol 12)
A Sea of Legends (vol 13)
Adventure of Life (vol 14)
Outer and Inner Space (vol 15)
The Whitecaps (vol 16)
Riches of the Sea (vol 17)
Challenges of the Sea (vol 18)
The Sea in Danger (vol 19)
Guide to the Sea and Index (vol 20)
Calypso (1978, vol 21)
A Bill of Rights for Future Generations (1979)
Life at the Bottom of the World (1980)
The Cousteau United States Almanac of the Environment (1981, a.k.a. The Cousteau Almanac of the Environment: An Inventory of Life on a Water Planet)
Jacques Cousteau's Calypso (1983, with Alexis Sivirine)
Marine Life of the Caribbean (1984, with James Cribb and Thomas H. Suchanek)
Jacques Cousteau's Amazon Journey (1984, with Mose Richards)
Jacques Cousteau: The Ocean World (1985)
The Whale (1987, with Philippe Diolé)
Jacques Cousteau: Whales (1988, with Yves Paccalet)
The Human, The Orchid and The Octopus (and Susan Schiefelbein, coauthor; Bloomsbury 2007)
Media portrayals
[edit]
Jacques Cousteau has been portrayed in films:
The American comedy film The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou, directed by Wes Anderson and first released in December 2004, portrays Steve Zissou, a fictional oceanographer strongly inspired by Jacques Cousteau.[39][40][41]
The French film The Odyssey, directed by JĂ©rĂŽme Salle and first released in October 2016, focuses on Cousteau's life, especially regarding his relation with his first wife, Simone Melchior, and his second son, Philippe Cousteau.[42][43][40][41]
Jacques Cousteau was featured in Epic Rap Battle of History's sixth season, and was portrayed by Peter Shukoff. He faced off against Steve Irwin, portrayed by Lloyd Ahlquist.
Jacques Cousteau is depicted in the music video for the Plastic Bertrand song titled "Jacques Cousteau." In the video Jacques Cousteau is depicted as wearing nautical attire and living in a fish bowl.
Jacques Cousteau was briefly featured in the animated television series, SpongeBob SquarePants, in the episode SpongeBob's Big Birthday Blowout. He was portrayed as the French Narrator who frequently speaks and/or makes appearances in the show.
Jacques Cousteau is mentioned in The Tragically Hip â Canadian rock band song, Twist My Arm.
In the 2006, Michael Bay film Bad Boys II, Jacques Cousteau was mentioned by Will Smith's character in a heated argument. The quote was, "Ok look, we're a partnership, but we're a partnership with boundaries. We got a new rule. From now on you can't say the word flaccid to me. This is our little boundary box. We're gonna take the word flaccid and put it in there with my mom's titties and your erection problem and we gonna close this box and we gonna throw this bitch in the ocean. And the only way that you can get to this box is you gotta be mother****in' Jacques Cousteau."
See also
[edit]
Becoming Cousteau, a 2021 full-length film biography
Alcyone â Experimental turbosail ship
William Beebe â American ornithologist, marine biologist, entomologist, and explorer (1877â1962)
Albert Falco â French scuba diver, chief diver and captain of the Calypso
Scuba diving â Swimming underwater, breathing gas carried by the diver
List of Legion of Honour recipients by name (C)
References
[edit]
^ a b c "Cousteau Society". Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
^ a b c d "Jacques Cousteau | French ocean explorer and engineer". EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
^ "Jacques Cousteau | Biography, Quotes, Books, WordCloud, Life History Timeline |Minds of Science". www.mindsofscience.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
^ Lunn, Rosemary E. (8 March 2021). "WDHOF announces new Simone Melchior Cousteau Grant". X-Ray International Dive Magazine. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
^ "le Scaphandre Autonome". Espalion-12.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
^ a b The Silent World. J. Y. Cousteau with Frédéric Dumas. Hamish Hamilton, London. 1953
^ Jung, Michael (2026). Hans Hass and Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Pioneering Achievements and Structural Inequalities in the Construction of Maritime Memory. (1.0). Zenodo.org.
^ Ecott, Tim (2001). Neutral Buoyancy: Adventures in a Liquid World. New York City: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBNÂ 0-87113-794-1. LCCNÂ 2001018840.
^ Sevellec, E.J. (1 December 2006). "Naissance du GERS et des premiers plongeurs dĂ©mineurs" (in French). Philippe.tailliez.net. Archived from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2010. According to Sevellec, the Ălie Monnier was an old German tugboat originally called Albatros and handed over to France as a war reparation, and then re-baptised in honor of the maritime engineer Ălie Monnier who had disappeared while diving at Mers-el-KĂ©bir on the wreck of the battleship Bretagne
^ Riffaud, C. (1988). "La rĂšgne du scaphandre Ă casque", in La grande aventure des hommes sous la mer. Users.skynet.be. ISBNÂ 2-226-03502-8. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
^ Morton, Michael Quentin (June 2015). "Calypso in the Arabian Gulf: Jacques Cousteau's Undersea Survey of 1954". Liwa. 5 (9): 3â28. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
^ "Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1959â1973)". ConfĂ©dĂ©ration Mondiale des ActivitĂ©s Subaquatiques. Archived from the original on 3 June 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
^ Hamblin, Jacob Darwin (2008). Poison in the Well: Radioactive Waste in the Oceans at the Dawn of the Nuclear Age. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBNÂ 978-0813542201. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
^ "Accident kills Cousteau aide in Argentina (30 December 1972)". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
^ "Hero and Calypso at Deception Island 1972â73". www.palmerstation.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
^ "Obituary information for Frederick Hyman". www.shaughnesseybanksfuneralhome.com. Retrieved 17 June 2025.
^ France-Presse, Agence (15 September 2025). "First objects retrieved from wreck of Titanic's sister ship in Greece". The Guardian. ISSNÂ 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 April 2026.
^ "Tα ÎŒÏ ÏÏÎčÎșÎŹ ÏÏ" (PDF). wwk.kathimerini.gr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2026.
^ "Secretary-General awards International Pahlavi Environment Prize for 1977 to Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Sir Peter Scott".
^ "Cousteau's Legacy - TIME". www.time.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2026.
^ Ohayon, Albert (2009). "When Cousteau Came to Canada". NFB.ca. National Film Board of Canada. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
^ Knoll, Steve Knollby Steve (25 March 1984). "New Cable Fare Gets Double Exposure". The New York Times.
^ "Cousteau: Mississippi".
^ "Article: Jacques-Yves Cousteau. (Interview) | AccessMyLibrary â Promoting library advocacy". AccessMyLibrary. 1 November 1991. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
^ "Cousteau's Son Blocked From Using Name". The New York Times. 22 December 1995. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
^ "Calypso". Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
^ "Homélie prononcée lors des obsÚques de M. Jacques-Yves Cousteau, en la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris | Académie française". Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
^ Cousteau, Jacques; ed. by Schiefelbein, Susan. 2010. The Human, the Orchid, and the Octopus: Exploring and Conserving Our Natural World. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBNÂ 9781596917552
^ Cousteau, Jacques (1985). The Ocean World. New York: Harry N. Abrams. p. 383. ISBN 9780810980686. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
^ Clarke, Cath (18 August 2017). "The Odyssey review â Jacques Cousteau biopic looks good underwater but doesn't go deep". The Guardian. ISSNÂ 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
^ Davidson, Nick (1 April 2003). "Deep Sea Invasion". PBS. Nova. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
^ Meinesz, Alexandre (1999). Killer Algae (1st ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226519228. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
^ "Diver's Watch Bearing a Piece of Cousteau's Legendary Vessel Watches Channel". Watches.infoniac.com. 27 July 2007. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
^ Palumbo, Jacqui (22 July 2020). "Fabien Cousteau and Yves BĂ©har unveil designs for Proteus, an underwater 'space station' and habitat â CNN Style". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
^ Ted, Apodoca (27 November 2020). "Cousteau Tribute gets needed upgrade". The Catalina Islander. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
^ Mulder, Bo; Berry, Matt (4 February 2013). "Jaque Cousteau Memorial Plaque". Flickr.
^ Jean-Michel Cousteau (11 June 2010). "Jacques Cousteau "would be heartbroken" at our seas today". Archived from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
^ "It's an Honour â Honours â Search Australian Honours". Itsanhonour.gov.au. 26 January 1990. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
^ "32 Facts About 'The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou'". Mental Floss. 24 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
^ a b "Watch: First International Trailer For Jacques Cousteau Biopic 'The Odyssey' Starring Lambert Wilson & Audrey Tautou". The Playlist. 14 May 2016. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
^ a b "L'Odyssée : Lambert Wilson dans la peau de Cousteau". Le Figaro. 23 August 2016. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
^ "World Premiere of Wild Bunch-Sold 'The Odyssey' Closes San Sebastian". Variety. 12 August 2016. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
^ "Ce que le biopic sur Cousteau, "L'Odyssée", nous apprend de son cÎté obscur". The Huffington Post (French Edition). Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
Further reading
[edit]
Undersea Explorer: The Story of Captain Cousteau (1957) by James Dugan
Jacques Cousteau and the Undersea World (2000) by Roger King
Jacques-Yves Cousteau: His Story Under the Sea (2002) by John Bankston
Jacques Cousteau: A Life Under the Sea (2008) by Kathleen Olmstead
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacques-Yves Cousteau.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Jacques Cousteau.
"The Cousteau Society". Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 9 July 2024.
Jacques Cousteau at IMDb
Jacques Cousteau at Find a Grave
Jacques Cousteau centennial: 'The sea is everything'
Ocean Treasures Memorial Library
Ocean Treasures Memorial Library/Jacques-Yves Cousteau Memorial
Ocean Treasures Memorial Library/His Legacy
Ocean Treasures Memorial Library/Photos
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-
Palme d'Or at Cannes Legion of Honour â Commander (1972)
Famous Quotes
Memorable words from Jacques Cousteau.
The sea, the great unifier, is man's only hope. Now, as never before, the old phrase has a literal meaning: We are all in the same boat.
at Sanary (Var) was opposite Admiral Darlan's villa
), helped the French Navy to join again with the Allies; he assembled a commando operation against the Italian espionage services in France, and received several military decorations for his deeds. At that time, he kept his distance from his brother Pierre-Antoine Cousteau, a
(Conshelf) were used interchangeably by Cousteau.
A meeting with American television companies (ABC, Metromedia, NBC) created the series The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau, with the character of the commander in the red bonnet inherited from standard diving dress intended to give the films a
the most dangerous of all sharks
on his album Windsong, and on the B-side of his hit song
Without betraying any confidences, Father Carré told me of his respect for Jacques-Yves Cousteau. He discovered in him a man of prayer whom he accompanied in his last months of his life, giving him, through the sacraments of the Church, the strength of his passage towards eternity.
The Holy Scriptures and the Environment
Frequently Asked Questions
Everything you need to know about Jacques Cousteau.
-
Who is Jacques Cousteau?Jacques Cousteau is a renowned Oceanographer from France. Read their complete biography above to learn about their life, career, and legacy.
-
How old is Jacques Cousteau?Jacques Cousteau was born on Jacques-Yves Cousteau(1910-06-11)11 June 1910Saint, making them approximately 87 years old.
-
What is Jacques Cousteau's net worth?Jacques Cousteau's net worth is estimated at .
-
Who is Jacques Cousteau's spouse?Jacques Cousteau's spouse is .
-
Does Jacques Cousteau have children?Yes, Jacques Cousteau has Jean-MichelPhilippe-PierreDianePierre-Yves.
-
What is Jacques Cousteau's nationality?Jacques Cousteau is France.